Early identification of chronic mesenteric ischemia | VHRM - Dove Medical Press
Background
Chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) is a relatively rare disorder and, if left untreated, can progress to acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI), which is a life-threatening condition with high mortality rates (50–70%).1 Asymptomatic CMI has 5-year mortality of up to 40%, and it may be even higher (86%) if all three mesenteric arteries are affected.2 Atherosclerosis of the mesenteric arteries is the most common cause of CMI.3,4 Another cause of CMI, especially in a relatively younger population, is median arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS).5
The typical clinical presentation is abdominal pain with postprandial worsening resulting from persistent intestinal hypoperfusion due to insufficient blood supply during increased metabolic demand after eating.6 Changes in the eating pattern, ie, avoiding large meal portions, usually lead to undesirable weight loss in these patients. Other complaints may follow, such as diarrhea or constipation, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases of ischemia, worsening abdominal pain even during exercise and activity.7 However, these symptoms are poorly related to CMI.8,9
To date, no biomarker with sufficient sensitivity or specificity has been identified for routine clinical investigation of CMI.3,4 Catheter-based angiography as the gold standard of CMI investigation has been replaced by computed tomography angiography (CTA), which has a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95–100%.4,10,11 In case of contraindications to CTA, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography may be an alternative.4,11,12
The CMI patients must be followed since the reported incidence of restenosis of the endoprosthesis is as high as 33%, and the mortality after acute occlusion of the stent be 50%.13–15 The guidelines recommend a transabdominal duplex ultrasound (TA-DUS) as an adjunct to the initial investigation of the patients with CMI as well as for the follow-up.3,4,16,17 Validation studies in the 1990s compared duplex ultrasound (DUS) flow velocities with digital subtraction angiography (DSA)-verified stenosis of the mesenteric arteries, and a wide range of cut-offs for velocities was reported and used in the different DUS criteria for significant mesenteric artery stenoses. DUS is operator-dependent, and the visualization of the mesenteric arteries can be challenging in some patients.13,14,18 Furthermore, it has been reported that the patients after revascularization and particularly after stenting of the mesenteric arteries, can still have persistently higher peak systolic velocity (PSV) beyond 335 cm/s despite asymptomatic angiographic stenosis of <20% of the stented superior mesenteric artery (SMA).19
Recently, endoscopic ultrasound (E-DUS) has been evaluated for the investigation of CMI.20 This modality may have a role in the early diagnosis of patients with CMI since the endoscopic examination is frequently performed as an initial investigation procedure in patients with upper abdominal pain.20 However, the diagnostic potential of E-DUS in patients with CMI has not yet been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigate CMI patients with both E-DUS and TA-DUS to determine their diagnostic accuracy for celiac artery (CA) and SMA stenosis. We hypothesized that E-DUS is superior to TA-DUS in the early detection of CMI.
Patients and Methods
This study is a single-center study performed at the Department for Vascular Surgery at Oslo University Hospital. From December 2017 until December 2018, patients with postprandial abdominal pain, changes in food intake pattern, weight loss, and CTA-verified stenosis of the mesenteric arteries were prospectively included in the study. The patients were investigated with both TA-DUS and E-DUS. They were divided into Group A (treatment-naive; n = 29) and Group B (prior treatment, but with relapse or residual symptoms; n = 21). Table 1 illustrates the patients' characteristics and the clinical presentation. The patients in Group B were previously treated for atherosclerotic changes in the mesenteric arteries in 16 cases and MALS in 5 patients. Despite prior endovascular or surgical treatment, the patients still had a symptom or had a relapse of symptoms of CMI. The investigations were performed 1–6 months after the revascularization procedures.
 | Table 1 Baseline Characteristics and Comorbidities in Fifty Patients with Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia, Caused by Either Atherosclerosis or Median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome |
The patients with MALS had a ≥50% stenosis of the CA on CTA. The CTA was taken in the deep expiration phase. The patients with atherosclerosis had CTA-verified stenosis or occlusion in either one or both, CA and SMA. CTA changes of IMA were also registered. Multi-sliced CTA (64 row-multidetector, Siemens Medical Systems; Forchheim, Germany) of the abdominal aorta and the mesenteric arteries was performed, and the scans were examined in multiple plans. A lumen diameter reduction of ≥50% in the mesenteric arteries was considered a positive test. Grading of the stenosis in each artery was done with the following formula: % stenosis = (1 -[narrowest lumen diameter/diameter normal distal artery]) x 100.21
Transabdominal Ultrasound
TA-DUS was performed with a GE Vivid E95 ultrasound scanner and a GE C1-6 curve array probe (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) by the same experienced operator (JH). Conventional B-mode and color Doppler were performed to evaluate the vascular status, identifying stenosis and post-stenotic turbulence. Pulsed Doppler was used to measure peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end-diastolic velocity (EDV) of the mesenteric arteries in the inspiratory and expiratory phases. Harmonic imaging was utilized to minimize artifacts. Every effort was made to keep the insonation angle <60°. The patients were in the overnight fasting state, and the procedure was performed in the morning.
Endoscopic Ultrasound
E-DUS combines endoscopy and duplex ultrasound to obtain detailed images beyond the innermost lining of the digestive tract. The procedure was performed with a Hitachi Aloka ProSound F75 and an Olympus GF-UCT180 curved linear array ultrasonic videoscope (180° ultrasound field of view). All E-DUS examinations were performed by the same experienced endoscopist (KÅ) at the Endoscopy Laboratory of the Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital. Standards for E-DUS procedure were followed.22,23 All patients were in at least 6 hours of fasting state before the examination. All procedures were performed under conscious sedation with midazolam (mean 3.35 mg) and alfentanil (mean 0.77 μg). SaO2 was kept above 95% during the procedure. The patients were carefully monitored for any hemodynamic changes. The videoscope was placed in the upper part of the stomach along the lesser curvature and a longitudinal view of the aorta was obtained to identify the origin of the CA and SMA. None of the patients developed complications related to the endoscopy.
Definitions and Measurements
Our main aim was to investigate the two ultrasound modalities' ability to identify the patients with CTA-verified ≥50% stenosis and ≥70% stenosis of both CA and SMA in the study population. In addition, we aimed to determine if the diagnostic ability of either of the duplex ultrasound modalities was better in the patients in Group B than in Group A.
We used PSV criteria for CA ≥200 cm/s and SMA ≥275 cm/s as definitions of significant stenosis and compared these velocities with the CTA findings of ≥50% and ≥70% stenosis.16,24,25
We compared EDV ≥55 cm/s in CA and ≥45 cm/s in SMA corresponding to CTA verified ≥50% stenosis.25 Occluded arteries identified with DUS were considered among the patients with ≥70% stenosis.
The duplex ultrasound operators of TA-DUS and E-DUS were blinded to the CTA findings and each other's DUS findings. Only TA-DUS was performed during the follow-ups. All enrolled patients were followed-up at 3, 6, 12 months, and yearly after that.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous data are presented with median and interquartile range (IQR) and categorical data with numbers and percentages. Cross-tabulation was performed for calculation of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and overall accuracy (OA) of E-DUS and TA-DUS. PSV velocities of ≥200 cm/s for CA and ≥275 cm/s for SMA were used. Flow velocities were compared with CTA-verified stenosis ≥50% and ≥70% separately. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) analysis was performed, and the area under the curve (AUC) was estimated. AUC was interpreted as 0.50–0.60, fail; 0.60–0.70, poor; 0.70–0.80, fair; 0.80–0.90, good; 0.90–1.0, excellent.26 Data analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics Version 27 (IBM Corp., USA).
Ethical Statement
The database for patients with chronic mesenteric ischemia was approved in 2016 by the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics in the South-Eastern region of Norway (REK Sør-Øst B 2016/682). It is also registered in ClinicalTrails.org Protocol Registration and Results System (NCT02914912). The study was conducted per the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients gave informed, written consent prior to the study commencement.
Results
A total of 50 patients were included in the study period. The median age of included patients was 71 years (IQR 58), and 26 (52%) were females (Table 1). The median duration of symptoms was 3.4 years (IQR 2). All patients in the study were investigated with E-DUS; however, one of these patients died before TA-DUS, and in another three (6%), an acoustic window for a reliable measurement of flow velocities could not be obtained. Figure 1 illustrates the patient's flow.
 | Figure 1 Patient flow in 50 patients with chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) investigated with transabdominal duplex ultrasound (TA-DUS), endoscopic duplex ultrasound (E-DUS) and computed tomography angiography (CTA). |
CTA Findings
Based on CTA and clinical findings, 23 (46%) patients had CTA-verified atherosclerotic stenosis in all three mesenteric vessels. Fourteen (28%) patients had MALS with single artery stenosis of the CA. The remaining thirteen (26%) patients had atherosclerosis of CA and SMA. In total, 36 patients (66%) had CMI due to atherosclerosis in CA and SMA, and among these three patients (6%) also had MALS. Five patients (10%) had a total occlusion of CA, and SMA was occluded in eight patients (16%).
In five patients with prior laparoscopic decompression operation for MALS, CTA demonstrated between 50% and 70% stenoses. In three patients treated with the stent of the CA for atherosclerotic stenosis, two had ≥70% stenosis on CTA, and one had <50% stenosis. Nine patients had a stent in SMA, two had on CTA ≥70% stenoses, six patients had stenosis between 50% and 70%, and one patient had <50% stenosis. Two patients had stents in both mesenteric arteries, one of them had stenosis between 50% and 70% in both arteries, and the other had stenosis between 50% and 70% only in the CA, but ≥70% SMA stenosis on the CTA. In one patient with an aortomesenteric bypass to SMA, CTA demonstrated occluded SMA and ≥70% stenosis of CA. The patient had previously unsuccessful treatment with a stent in SMA and CA before bypass operation. In another patient with bypass to the splenic artery, CTA demonstrated a stenosis grade of ≥70% in the gastrosplenic trunk and <50% in the SMA.
DUS Findings
The sensitivity of E-DUS for the identification of ≥70% CTA-verified stenosis in the whole group (n=50) was higher than for TA-DUS, 91%, 95% CI 0.91 0.91 and likelihood ratio positive (LR+) 1.5 vs 81%, 95% CI 0.81 0.81 and LR+ 2.9) for CA. Sensitivity of E-DUS was 100%, 95% CI 1 1, LR+ 4.6 vs 92%, 95% CI 0.92 0.92 and LH+ 7.8 in SMA for TA-DUS.
For ≥50% stenosis of CA, E-DUS showed a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 30% and LH+ 1.1. Sensitivity for TA-DUS was 58%, specificity of 67% and LH+ 1.7. Whereas, for ≥50% stenosis of SMA E-DUS had a sensitivity of 68%, specificity of 91% and LH+ 7.5. TA-DUS had sensitivity of 57%, specificity of 95% and LR+ 12. Results of cross-tabulation for the whole study population are summarized in the Table 2.
 | Table 2 Results of the Validity Assessment of Duplex Ultrasound Determined Peak Systolic Velocities of ≥200 cm/s for Celiac Artery and ≥275 cm/s for the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) for the Detection of ≥50% and ≥70% Computed Tomography Angiography - Verified Stenosis |
E-DUS had a better NPV than TA-DUS in patients with ≥70% stenosis for CA (83% versus 81%) and SMA (100% versus 93%) (Table 2).
In Group A, the sensitivity of E-DUS and TA-DUS for diagnosing ≥70% stenosis of both arteries was similar (Table 3). Both ultrasound modalities had a NPV of 100% for SMA stenosis of ≥70%.
 | Table 3 Results of the Validity Assessment of Peak Systolic Velocities Measured with Duplex Ultrasound (for the Detection of ≥50% and ≥70% CTA-Verified Stenosis in All Patients (n=50), Treatment-Naive Patients (Group A; n=29) and Patients After Treatment (Group B; n=21). PSV Cut-Offs: ≥200 cm/s for Celiac Artery and ≥275 cm/s for the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) |
For a ≥50% stenosis of CA, the sensitivity of E-DUS and TA-DUS was 90% and 80%, respectively. However, both modalities had similar and low specificity, NPV, and PPV values. For ≥50% of SMA, the PPV of E-DUS and TA-DUS was 100% and 90%, respectively (Table 3).
In Group B, E-DUS had higher sensitivity than TA-DUS for both stenosis grades in both mesenteric arteries (Table 3). Also, the NPV of E-DUS was higher than for TA-DUS, particularly for a ≥70% stenosis of SMA. NPV for both modalities were low in the patients with ≥50% stenosis of CA (Table 3).
Selected results from the present study and similar studies are summarized in Table 4. EDV did not show as high sensitivity and specificity as the PSV for identifying neither ≥50% nor ≥70% of the CA or SMA in both duplex ultrasound modalities.
 | Table 4 Published Results of the Validation Studies for the Peak Systolic Velocities (PSVs), End Diastolic Velocities (EDVs) and Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) Verified Stenosis of the Celiac Artery (CA) and the Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA). The Results of the Validation of the Present Study in Fifty Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia Patients with CTA- Verified Stenosis of CA and SMA |
ROC Curve Analysis
ROC curve analysis estimated AUC of 0.75 (p = 0.001, CI 95% 0.61 0.88) for E-DUS for a ≥70% stenosis of the SMA, and 0.68 (p =0.03, CI 95% 0.52 0.83) for TA-DUS (Figure 2A). For the PSV criterium of ≥275 cm/s, the sensitivity was 0.70 and the false-positive rate (1-specificity) was 0.25 for E-DUS. TA-DUS had a sensitivity of 44% and a false-positive rate of 0.23.
 | Figure 2 (A–D) ROC curve analysis of the ability of endoscopic duplex ultrasound (E-DUS) and transabdominal duplex ultrasound (TA-DUS) peak systolic velocities of ≥200 cm/s for celiac artery (CA) and ≥275 cm/s for superior mesenteric artery (SMA) to detect computed tomographic angiogram (CTA)-verified stenosis of ≥50% and ≥70% in fifty patients with chronic mesenteric ischemia. (A) Sensitivity and false-positive rate (1-specificity) in ≥70% stenosis in SMA; (B) ≥70% stenosis in CA; (C) ≥50% stenosis in SMA; (D) ≥50% stenosis in CA. |
ROC curve analysis of E-DUS and TA-DUS for ≥70% stenosis of the CA had an AUC of 0.79 (p<0.0001, 95% CI 0.66 0.91) and 0.75 (p= 0.001, 95% CI 0.60 0.90), respectively (Figure 2B). For the PSV criterium of ≥200 cm/s with E-DUS, the sensitivity was 0.92, and the false-positive rate was 0.64. In TA-DUS, the test sensitivity was 0.72, and the false-positive rate was 0.24.
For a ≥50% stenosis of SMA, with a PSV of ≥275 cm/s, ROC curve analysis of E-DUS and TA-DUS demonstrated an AUC of 0.79 (p<0.0001, 95% CI 0.66 0.92) and 0.68 (p <0.03, 95% CI 0.52 0.83), respectively (Figure 2C). For a PSV of 275 cm/s, E-DUS had a sensitivity of 0.65 and a false-positive rate of 0.21. In TA-DUS, AUC sensitivity was 0.44, and the false-positive rate was 0.26.
For CTA-verified ≥50% stenosis of CA and a PSV criterium of ≥200 cm/s, ROC curve analysis of E-DUS and TA-DUS showed an AUC of 0.70 (p=0.007, 95% CI 0.56 0.87) for the former, and 0.80 (p<0.0001, 95% CI 0.64 0.97) for the latter DUS modality (Figure 2D). For E-DUS, the sensitivity was 0.80 with a false-positive rate of 0.56. In TA-DUS, AUC sensitivity was 0.52 with a false-positive rate of 0.22.
Discussion
The present study demonstrates a higher sensitivity for E-DUS than TA-DUS for identifying both ≥50% and ≥70% stenosis in CA and SMA. In addition, the NPV of E-DUS was better than TA-DUS in patients with ≥70% stenosis for both CA and SMA.
Similarly, in a previous study by Noh et al, a higher E-DUS sensitivity was found for stenoses in CA or SMA than TA-DUS.27 In a study by Almansa et al (2011), E-DUS had a sensitivity of 63% but a high specificity of 84% (Table 4).20 In contrast to Almansa et al, our study showed a lower specificity for E-DUS than TA-DUS, particularly for CA (37% vs 72%) (Table 4). However, for a CTA-verified stenosis ≥50% for SMA, our study demonstrated excellent specificity in E-DUS and TA-DUS (90% vs 95%).
In the treatment-naïve patients (Group A) with CMI, E-DUS had excellent sensitivity (100%) and NPV (100%) for both arteries with CTA-verified stenosis ≥70%, irrespective of etiology, atherosclerosis, or MALS. Therefore, a negative E-DUS can probably exclude CMI in these patients. These findings suggest that E-DUS is an excellent initial diagnostic test for the diagnosis of CMI in patients undergoing endoscopic investigation for upper abdominal pain. Similarly, in patients with CTA-verified ≥50% stenosis of the CA and SMA, the sensitivity and PPV of E-DUS are better than TA-DUS.
In the patients with prior treatment (Group B), the sensitivity of E-DUS was better than for TA-DUS in both arteries and with both CTA-verified stenosis grades of ≥50% and ≥70%. However, the specificity was insufficient (50%) for diagnosing CA stenosis of either ≥50% or ≥70%. Although E-DUS has adequate sensitivity to diagnose the mesenteric artery stenosis in patients who underwent a prior treatment for CMI (Group B), the modality lacks specificity to exclude the healthy patients. This lack of specificity is due to type-I error and has also been observed in CMI patients after TA-DUS investigation.13,19 However, E-DUS has better NPV than TA-DUS exclusively in patients treated for stenosis or occlusion in the SMA.
Most CMI patients undergo gastroscopy in the initial work-up of chronic upper abdominal pain. Therefore, it may be relevant to investigate mesenteric artery stenosis with E-DUS during endoscopy in patients with CMI suspicion. Additionally, E-DUS has been presented as superior to TA-DUS in detecting other diseases of the persistent upper abdominal pain.28,29
AUC of 0.79 for E-DUS was acceptable for identifying CTA-verified ≥50% stenosis of SMA. However, in the case of TA-DUS, a lower criterion for PSV could have provided better sensitivity without increasing the false-positive rate (eg, PSV 175 cm/s, the sensitivity of 73%, and false-positive rate of 22%). E-DUS, PSV ≥200 cm/s, had the best combination of sensitivity and false-positive rate. In CA stenosis ≥50%, both E-DUS and TA-DUS had acceptable AUC (0.7 and 0.8, respectively), but with low specificity and high false-positive rates, particularly in E-DUS (60%).
The limitation of our study is the small size of the study population. However, compared to previously published studies on the use of E-DUS, our study population only includes patients with CTA-verified CMI. Nevertheless, the results of our study should be verified in a larger cohort of patients with CMI. In future studies, a more comprehensive range of PSVs should be investigated for their potential of correctly identifying the stenosis grades in the CA and SMA. Since CMI is an uncommon disorder, symptom debut to its diagnosis is prolonged; E-DUS can identify patients with CMI at the time of the initial endoscopic investigation.2 This method can also be used to perform the transmucosal microcirculation assessment with laser Doppler flowmetry and visible light spectrometry, which may increase the probability of a correct diagnosis of CMI.5 Due to the limitations in the specificity of E-DUS, the patients should be further investigated with CTA for the confirmation of the CMI diagnosis.
Conclusion
E-DUS is as valid as TA-DUS for the investigation of patients with CMI. It might be of more value than TA-DUS as an initial diagnostic tool for its potential to identify CMI earlier and prevent patient suffering and even mortality.
Data Sharing Statement
Request for deidentified data sharing can be directed to the prime investigator of the study, Kazmi, SSH MD, Ph.D., [email protected].
Author Contributions
All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising, or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this study.
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