2022 Southern Medical Research Conference
Everything You Need To Know About Heart Disease
Heart disease refers to any condition affecting the cardiovascular system. There are several different types of heart disease, and they affect the heart and blood vessels in different ways.
The sections below look at some different types of heart disease in more detail.
Coronary artery diseaseCoronary artery disease, also known as coronary heart disease, is the most common type of heart disease.
It develops when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become clogged with plaque. This causes them to harden and narrow. Plaque contains cholesterol and other substances.
As a result, the blood supply reduces, and the heart receives less oxygen and fewer nutrients. In time, the heart muscle weakens, and there is a risk of heart failure and arrhythmias.
When plaque builds up in the arteries, it is called atherosclerosis. Plaque in the arteries can rupture from blockages and cause blood flow to stop, which can lead to a heart attack.
Congenital heart defectsA person with a congenital heart defect is born with a heart problem. There are many types of congenital heart defects, including:
Congenital heart disease can involve major structural issues, such as the absence of a ventricle or problems with unusual connections between the main arteries that leave the heart.
Many congenital heart defects do not cause any noticeable symptoms and only become apparent during a routine medical check.
According to the American Heart Association (AHA), heart murmurs often affect children, but only some are due to a defect.
ArrhythmiaArrhythmia refers to an irregular heartbeat. It occurs when the electrical impulses that coordinate the heartbeat do not work correctly. As a result, the heart may beat too quickly, too slowly, or erratically.
There are various types of arrhythmias, including:
A person may notice a feeling like a fluttering or a racing heart.
In some cases, arrhythmias can be life threatening or have severe complications.
Dilated cardiomyopathyIn dilated cardiomyopathy, the heart chambers become dilated, meaning that the heart muscle stretches and becomes thinner. The most common causes of dilated cardiomyopathy are past heart attacks, arrhythmias, and toxins, but genetics can also play a role.
As a result, the heart becomes weaker and cannot pump blood properly. It can result in arrhythmia, blood clots in the heart, and heart failure.
It usually affects people aged 20–60 years, according to the AHA.
Myocardial infarctionAlso known as heart attack, myocardial infarction involves an interruption of the blood flow to the heart. This can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle.
The most common cause of heart attack is plaque, a blood clot, or both in a coronary artery. It can also occur if an artery suddenly narrows or spasms.
Are there different types of heart attack? Learn more here.
Heart failureWhen a person has heart failure, their heart is still working but not as well as it should be. Congestive heart failure is a type of heart failure that can occur from problems with the pumping or relaxing function.
Heart failure can result from untreated coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, arrhythmias, and other conditions. These conditions can affect the heart's ability to pump or relax properly.
Heart failure can be life threatening, but seeking early treatment for heart-related conditions can help prevent complications.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathyThis condition usually develops when a genetic problem affects the heart muscle. It tends to be an inherited condition.
The walls of the muscle thicken, and contractions become harder. This affects the heart's ability to take in and pump out blood. In some cases, an obstruction can occur.
There may be no symptoms, and many people do not receive a diagnosis. However, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can worsen over time and lead to various heart problems.
Anyone with a family history of this condition should ask for screening, as receiving treatment can help prevent complications.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the main cause of cardiac death among young people and athletes under 35 years old, according to the AHA.
Mitral valve regurgitationThis event occurs when the mitral valve in the heart does not close tightly enough and allows blood to flow back into the heart.
As a result, blood cannot move through the heart or body efficiently, and it can put pressure on the chambers of the heart. In time, the heart can become enlarged, and heart failure can result.
Learn more about heart valves here.
Mitral valve prolapseThis happens when the valve flaps of the mitral valve do not close properly. Instead, they bulge into the left atrium. This can cause a heart murmur.
Mitral valve prolapse is not usually life threatening, but some people may need to receive treatment for it.
Genetic factors and connective tissue problems can cause this condition, which affects around 2% of the population.
Aortic stenosisIn aortic stenosis, the pulmonary valve is thick or fused and does not open correctly. This makes it hard for the heart to pump blood from the left ventricle into the aorta.
A person may be born with it due to congenital anomalies of the valve, or it may develop over time due to calcium deposits or scarring.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Market Shall Be US$ 38.17 Billion By 2028
The expected growth of the coronary artery disease (CAD) market can be due to the aging global population being more susceptible to developing CAD, leading to a higher demand for diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, an increasing prevalence of risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity contributes to the rise in CAD incidence. As a result, the demand for drugs, medical devices, and procedures to manage and treat CAD shall increase.
Furthermore, the coronary artery disease (CAD) market is expected to expand due to advancements in medical device technology, including improved stents, drug-eluting balloons, and advanced imaging techniques, leading to more efficient diagnosis and treatment of CAD. Additionally, the development of innovative therapies and drugs targeting CAD risk factors and underlying causes fuels the growth of the coronary artery disease (CAD) market. The combined effect of all these factors shall result in a substantial future expansion of the coronary artery disease (CAD) market.
Anticoagulant Drugs are growing in demand in the coronary artery disease (CAD) MarketThe important reason for the rise in the anticoagulant drugs segment in the coronary artery disease (CAD) market is their ability to prevent blood clots that can result in heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular events. In addition, the rise in CAD risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes, coupled with an aging population, is expected to boost the demand for anticoagulant therapy. Furthermore, the growth in this coronary artery disease (CAD) market segment is also due to advancements in medical technology, which have led to the development of newer anticoagulants with enhanced efficacy, safety, and patient convenience.
Retail and Online pharmacies are gaining fame in the coronary artery disease (CAD) market.Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) risk factors, an aging population, and the need for medications to treat these conditions are driving growth in retail pharmacies of the coronary artery disease (CAD) market. These pharmacies are expanding services to include medication therapy management, technology-driven patient care, and CAD education and counseling, ultimately contributing to their growth in the coronary artery disease (CAD) market.
Online pharmacies offer CAD patients convenient access to medications and medical supplies from their homes, especially for those with mobility issues or in remote areas. They often provide lower medication prices and access to a broader range of products, including specialty medications. In addition, they may offer medication reminders, online consultations, and home delivery services, improving medication adherence and patient outcomes.
The US has leadership in the coronary artery market (CAD) market.The US's dominance in the coronary artery market (CAD) market is due to several factors, including the high prevalence of CAD risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, a well-established healthcare infrastructure, advanced medical technologies, and trained healthcare professionals, enabling prompt diagnosis and treatment of CAD. In addition, the intense research and development ecosystem has led to innovative drugs, medical devices, and treatment procedures.
Additionally, the large patient population with CAD makes the US an attractive pharmaceutical and medical device company market. However, CAD is the main reason for mortality in the US. The National Centre of Biotechnology Information (NCBI) report of 2023 states that coronary artery disease (CAD) is responsible for approximately 610,000 deaths annually, accounting for an estimated 1 in 4 deaths in the United States, making it the leading cause of mortality.
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Key Players.AstraZeneca Plc., Novartis AG, Pfizer Inc, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Merck & Co. Inc, Viatris, Sanofi, and Amgen are prominent in the coronary artery disease (CAD) market.
The high prevalence of CAD and related risk factors creates a large patient population needing treatments, leading to a significant market opportunity for pharmaceutical and medical device companies and driving competition among them to develop innovative products. Regulatory changes and healthcare policies can also create new market opportunities. Increasing awareness about CAD risk factors and treatments can influence demand and treatment decisions, contributing to competition in the coronary artery disease (CAD) market.
Market Summary:Renub Research is a Market Research and Information Analysis company with more than 14 years of experience in Research, Survey, and Consulting. Our research helps companies to take business decisions: on strategy, organization, operations, technology, mergers & acquisitions, etc. Till now we have published more than 7000 syndicated reports and worked on more than 500 custom research projects. Currently, we are supplying data to EMIS, Bloomberg, Thomson Reuters, etc. We support many blue-chip companies by providing them with findings and perspectives across a wide range of markets.
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What To Know About Cardiac Cirrhosis
Cardiac cirrhosis is a serious liver disorder that can be triggered by cardiac (heart) circulation issues such as heart failure. The key to managing it is to effectively treat the underlying heart condition.
The term "cardiac cirrhosis" refers to any of the liver disorders that can develop when heart problems lead to congestion or fluid buildup in your liver. Your liver relies on healthy circulation to function properly. When a heart condition reduces blood flow, serious liver problems can occur.
Cardiac cirrhosis is usually associated with heart failure. It can be difficult to diagnose because other conditions, such as hepatitis and fatty liver disease, may be affecting liver health and function.
Treating cardiac cirrhosis involves managing the heart problem at the root of the liver disorder. If you have cardiac cirrhosis, your outlook will depend largely on the health and status of your heart.
This article takes a closer look at the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiac cirrhosis.
Heart health and liver health are linked. If you have liver disease, it means toxins are not being filtered out of your blood effectively. This can ultimately harm your heart and other organs.
If your heart isn't consistently pumping oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood to your liver, your liver can develop problems such as cardiac cirrhosis.
A diagnosis of cardiac cirrhosis, also known as congestive hepatopathy, means that the pressure is increasing in the veins running through your liver. This is usually due to heart failure and the weakening of your heart's ability to pump blood throughout your body.
Problems with the veins in your liver can cause fluid buildup within your liver. This, in turn, results in scarring and injury to hepatocytes — the cells that make up most of your liver tissue. In time, this can negatively affect your liver's many functions.
The primary risk factor for cardiac cirrhosis is right sided heart failure. This is because this type of heart failure increases pressure in the right atrium, the upper right chamber of your heart.
The right atrium receives blood from the rest of your body via a network of large and small veins. Increased right atrial pressure causes pressure to increase in the veins serving your liver and the vena cava. The vena cava is the large vein that takes in filtered blood from your liver and delivers it to the right atrium.
Several heart conditions, including left sided heart failure, can eventually cause right sided heart failure. Other conditions that may lead to right sided heart failure include:
Certain types of congenital heart disease may also lead to cardiac cirrhosis.
Cardiac cirrhosis often has no symptoms. If liver dysfunction continues, you may experience some pain in your upper right abdomen and possibly mild jaundice (yellowing of your skin).
However, if you have right sided heart failure, you are likely to have symptoms such as:
If you've received a diagnosis of heart failure or another serious heart condition, a healthcare professional should also evaluate you for other complications, including liver dysfunction.
This involves a physical examination to check for liver swelling or tenderness and a review of any possible symptoms, such as jaundice, abdominal pain, or changes in the appearance of stool or urine.
The other important diagnostic tool is a blood test that checks your liver enzyme levels. Elevated levels can indicate some type of disorder. If it appears that you may have some liver dysfunction, your doctor may order one or more imaging tests. Standard liver imaging includes:
A 2020 study suggests that cardiac cirrhosis is largely underdiagnosed, in part because standard imaging scans can miss the condition.
The researchers suggest that doctors consider performing a liver biopsy, in which a small portion of liver tissue is removed and analyzed in a lab. This is especially helpful in cases where a heart transplant may be necessary to treat severe heart failure.
Treatment for cardiac cirrhosis involves addressing the underlying cause of the right sided heart failure. The American Heart Association provides the following guidelines for assessing and managing potential causes of right sided heart failure:
Directed medications that may be used for right sided and left sided heart failure include:
A 2020 review on the "heart-liver axis" recommends diuretics for people with heart failure and cardiac cirrhosis. Diuretics help prevent fluid retention by reducing fluid levels throughout your body. Diuretics also help with symptom management.
Additionally, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute suggests that a mechanical heart pump may be necessary if your heart can no longer meet your body's demand for oxygenated blood.
If you have cardiac cirrhosis, you should also try to adopt heart- and liver-healthy lifestyle habits, including:
Liver dysfunction may be reversible if healthy heart function can be restored.
A 2016 review suggests that liver disease resulting from cardiac cirrhosis is rarely the factor that affects survival. Instead, the severity of heart failure or another cardiac condition has the greatest impact on long-term health and mortality.
Improvements in the management of heart failure have led to reduced mortality rates.
According to a 2017 review, the 1-year survival rate is 80% to 90% after diagnosis, while the 5-year survival rate is closer to 50% to 60%. If heart function does not improve or worsens over time, the liver dysfunction may be just as serious as the heart disease and could complicate treatment of both conditions.
Cardiac cirrhosis is one of several potential complications of heart failure or congenital heart disease. It can affect your liver's ability to filter toxins and waste material from your blood and perform many of its other vital functions.
Working with a doctor to manage your heart failure and taking steps to support healthy heart muscle function may take the pressure off your liver and help reverse some of the scarring and injury brought on by your cardiac complications.
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