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Signs And Symptoms Of An Asthma Attack
Medically reviewed by Susan Russell, MD
An asthma attack is an episode where you experience a worsening of asthma symptoms. Asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes inflamed and narrowed airways, making breathing difficult. Symptoms of asthma include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. These symptoms worsen during an asthma attack, which can be triggered by an allergen, strenuous exercise, or an upper respiratory infection like the common cold.
During an asthma attack, the muscles surrounding your airways constrict (become narrower) and spasm, and mucus production in the airways increases. This makes it difficult to get air into your lungs. An asthma attack can be a terrifying experience—you may feel like there is a heavy weight on your chest or as if you are breathing through a straw as you struggle to bring in enough air.
Asthma attack symptoms may develop suddenly or gradually. Asthma attacks can range from mild to severe and require prompt treatment. More severe asthma attacks can quickly become life-threatening without treatment.
Understanding the signs and symptoms of an asthma attack can help you identify when you are experiencing one and know when to use your asthma medications or seek emergency medical care.
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Early Warning SignsSome people experience early warning signs that an asthma attack is developing. If you notice these signs, you can take action—such as by using quick-relief asthma medications—and lower your risk of experiencing a severe asthma attack.
Early warning signs of an asthma attack can vary from person to person and may include:
Increased mucus production
Unusual tiredness, weakness, or lack of energy
Stuffy, runny, or congested nose
Itchy neck or chin
Tickle in your chest or throat
Sharp, sudden cough
A feeling as though you can't take a deep breath
Slouched posture or raised shoulders (tense shoulders that are closer to ears than usual)
A mild-to-moderate asthma attack can bring on concerning symptoms.
If you use a peak flow monitor, a small device to monitor how well air moves out of your lungs, your readings can reveal whether you are or may soon be experiencing a mild or moderate asthma attack. A sign of a mild or moderate asthma attack would be a peak flow rate that's 50-80% of your best peak flow number.
Symptoms of a mild-to-moderate asthma attack can include:
Wheezing: A high-pitched whistling sound during breathing may come and go.
Frequent cough: The cough may worsen at night or during exertion.
Difficulty breathing: You may have trouble taking a deep breath or feel like you can't catch your breath.
Chest tightness: This would feel like pressure, squeezing, or pain in your chest or a feeling of a heavy weight sitting on your chest as you try to breathe.
Shortness of breath: You may feel like you're breathing quicker or can't get enough air, even at rest.
Retractions: The ribs pull in with each breath as you use your stomach muscles to help you breathe.
Neck strain: You can have tightness, discomfort, or strain in your neck muscles as you work harder to breathe.
While a mild or moderate asthma attack can be a frightening experience, using rescue medication like an albuterol inhaler (sold under brand names like Proair and AccunNeb) could help improve symptoms shortly after you take the quick-relief medication. A steroid-albuterol combination can be helpful.
Severe Asthma Attack SymptomsA severe asthma attack may be a medical emergency. During a severe asthma attack, basic activities like standing or walking may be impossible. Speaking even one-word phrases can be difficult or impossible.
A peak flow monitor reading that's less than 50% of your best rate is a sign of a severe asthma attack.
Symptoms can quickly worsen during a severe asthma attack and may include:
Severe shortness of breath: You could have rapid, shallow breathing or breathing that is slower than usual.
Retractions: The skin around the neck, chest, and rib bones may sink in as you struggle to bring in air during inhalations.
Change in posture: Your shoulders could become hunched.
Chest pain: A crushing sensation or pressure in the chest makes breathing difficult and speaking nearly impossible.
Expanded chest: The chest may appear expanded (similar to how it grows when you inhale) and not deflate when you exhale.
Sweating: You may begin sweating, and your skin may feel cold and clammy.
Change in skin color (cyanosis): Cyanosis is a change in skin tone on the fingertips, fingernails, lips, tongue, and around the eyes when the body doesn't get enough oxygen during breathing. Cyanosis may cause skin to turn a bluish-color in people with lighter skin tones and a gray or whitish-color in people with darker skin tones.
Confusion or drowsiness: As oxygen deprivation worsens, you may become confused, drowsy, or lose consciousness.
A severe asthma attack is a scary experience, but it is crucial to remain as calm as possible and focus on breathing. You should take your quick-relief medication like a rescue albuterol inhaler right away. If your peak flow rate or symptoms don't improve, you should seek immediate medical care.
Symptoms in Infants and Young ChildrenRecognizing the signs and symptoms of an asthma attack in babies and young children who cannot verbalize their symptoms is especially important for parents and caregivers. Here are the asthma attack symptoms to watch for:
Nasal flaring: The nostrils may open wide (flare) during breathing to bring in more air.
Rapid breathing: Besides a faster breathing rate than usual, you may notice your child's skin sucking in around their ribs or neck as they breathe as well as exaggerated belly movements (retracted breathing).
Difficulty eating: Infants may have trouble sucking during feeding due to breathing struggles.
Wheezing: You might hear a whistling sound as the child breathes.
Cyanosis: A child's skin tone on the fingertips, fingernails, tongue, lips, and around the eyes may change. The skin could look bluish on lighter skin and gray or whitish on darker skin.
Tiredness: Young children may become unusually quiet, lethargic, or uninterested in playing or engaging in their favorite activities.
Grunting: Infants may have short cries or make grunting noises.
Floppiness: Infants in respiratory distress may have a floppy body or bobbing head.
Irritability: Babies and toddlers may become agitated, cranky, or fussy.
In many cases, an asthma attack is manageable at home by using quick-relief medication when you first notice symptoms. There are times when you may not have access to your inhaler or your asthma attack symptoms worsen even after using your medication. An asthma attack can quickly become life-threatening and lead to respiratory failure.
Call 911 or seek emergency medical care if you experience the following symptoms:
Persistent shortness of breath, even during rest
Chest tightness that makes breathing very difficult
Severe wheezing or shortness of breath that doesn't improve after using your inhaler
Agitation, confusion, or inability to concentrate
Hunched shoulders
Strained neck and abdominal muscles
Need to sit or stand to help you breathe more easily
Inability to complete a sentence without pausing to breathe
Blue or grayish-colored lips, fingernails, or fingertips
Even if your asthma attack can be treated at home, you should contact your healthcare provider if you:
Experience asthma symptoms more than twice a week
Use your quick-relief medication more than twice a week
Have disrupted sleep more than twice a month due to your asthma symptoms
Have difficulty carrying out your daily activities like work, school, or hobbies because your symptoms are bothersome
Notice your asthma symptoms are worsening despite following your treatment plan
Understanding your asthma and potential triggers is essential for managing the condition effectively. To better manage asthma and any asthma attacks you may have, consider asking your healthcare provider the following questions:
Are there any modifications I can make at home or work to lower my risk of an asthma attack?
Along with my rescue inhaler, are there medications I should have on hand in case of an asthma attack?
What should I do if I use my quick-relief inhaler and my shortness of breath does not improve?
What peak flow monitor reading should prompt me to use my quick-relief medication or seek medical attention?
An asthma attack is the sudden worsening of asthma symptoms, often triggered by allergens, irritants, or illness. Asthma attacks can range from mild to severe.
Early warning signs of an asthma attack include increased mucus production and a sharp, sudden cough. Signs of a mild-to-moderate asthma attack include wheezing, chest tightness, and frequent cough. Cyanosis (skin color changes at the fingernails or lips), confusion, rapid breathing, and sweating are signs of a severe asthma attack.
If your asthma attack symptoms don't improve after taking appropriate steps, such as using your quick-relief asthma medication, reach out for medical care.
Frequently Asked QuestionsHow long do asthma attacks last?
The duration of an asthma attack varies, depending on the cause and severity of airway inflammation. A mild asthma attack can last minutes, and more severe attacks can last hours or days.
Do you experience any symptoms after the asthma attack is over?
People who've had an asthma attack often report experiencing fatigue and exhaustion afterward that affects their ability to carry out their daily activities. Anxiety and worry are also common in people who have experienced an asthma attack.
How can I stop asthma symptoms if I don't have an inhaler?
When asthma symptoms develop and you don't have an inhaler, you can:
Sit upright and lean slightly forward or sit backward on a chair to ease breathing
Remain calm and breathe slowly and deeply—in through your nose, out through your mouth
Call 911
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Heart Attack Symptoms Can Last Minutes Or Hours—Here Are The Warning Signs To Know
Heart attacks, no matter how big or small, should be taken seriously. They are defined as acute events, meaning they can happen suddenly, and are often caused by a lack of blood flow and oxygen to your heart, per the American Heart Association (AHA). But exactly how long does a heart attack last?Heart attack duration and symptoms can vary greatly depending on the person, and no two heart attacks are the same. This is especially true depending on how quickly you get treatment.
Here, two cardiologists explain the average length of heart attacks, the warning signs to look for, and how to protect your heart in recovery.
How long does a heart attack last?Because heart attacks are considered acute events, their duration is typically short. "They don't last long, usually happening suddenly and severely," says Ernst Von Schwarz, MD, a cardiologist and author of The Secrets of Immortality.
"A heart attack is a life-threatening condition, and individuals can succumb to it immediately. In some cases, however, there could be repeated small heart attacks because the [affected] blood vessel is not yet completely blocked," he adds.
A heart attack does not last for days, but it's possible for symptoms of a heart attack to linger, which can signal a looming threat of another attack. That's why immediate care is so crucial.
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"Typically patients seek medical attention within minutes to hours," says Blair Suter, MD, a cardiologist at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. But if symptoms are subtle, they may not seek care for a few days, he adds, which can be particularly dangerous and more difficult to treat.
Duration of heart attack symptomsTiming is everything when dealing with a heart attack. Before a full-on attack strikes, you may have symptoms for a few minutes or several hours that serve as warning signs, says Dr. Suter.
Symptoms typically include the following, per Dr. Suter:
These symptoms usually resolve if the heart attack itself is treated immediately, says Dr. Suter. But if it's left untreated or there's a delay in care, there's a higher chance of permanent heart damage, and even death. In fact, up to 50 percent of heart attack deaths happen in the first three to four hours after symptoms start, per Cedars Sinai.
Heart attacks symptoms can also vary between men and women, according to the AHA. While chest pain is a hallmark symptom for most people, women are more likely to also have subtle symptoms like shortness of breath, nausea/vomiting, back pain, or jaw pain. "These atypical symptoms in women contribute to the frequent under-recognition or misdiagnosis of acute heart attacks, leading to delays in treatment and worse outcomes in women compared to men," says Dr. Von Schwarz.
Women are also often underrepresented in research for heart disease, leading to significant gender disparities when it comes to how heart disease and heart attacks affect different genders, per the AHA.
There's also evidence that heart disease in young adults is on the rise. In a March 2023 study in JAMA, researchers found increased rates of high blood pressure, diabetes, and obesity in young adults (ages 20 to 44 years old)—all of which are risk factors for heart disease and heart attacks.
Keep in mind: This information is not meant to scare you, but rather to make you aware of the risks that contribute to heart attack. If you're unsure about your own heart health and risks, reach out to your doctor.
Warning signs of heart attackThere are several warning signs to look out for that could signal a heart attack, including the following, per Dr. Von Schwarz:
"These symptoms can be signs of a gradual blockage of the arteries, which may occur for weeks, if not months or years, before an acute heart attack occurs," adds Dr. Von Schwarz. "Having any one of these symptoms may require a cardiac evaluation."
While these are the most common signs of a heart attack, not everyone feels the same things, per Cedars Sinai. Some people may feel pain in the middle of their chest that spreads to their back, jaw, or arms, though 1 out of every 3 people who have heart attacks don't get chest pain at all, per Cedars Sinai. You may even feel pain or discomfort in your stomach area, which can be mistaken for indigestion.
When to go to the ERTime is of the essence when it comes to heart attacks, so it's important to catch signs early and call 911 without hesitation. The most obvious sign it's time to go to the ER? If you have new or worsening symptoms of chest pain and shortness of breath, says Dr. Suter.
It's also important to get care ASAP if you have any of the following risk factors for heart attack:
And when it comes to treatment, every minute counts. A doctor may prescribe heart medications to start the recovery process, including the following, according to the Mayo Clinic:
The short answer? "Yes and no," says Dr. Von Schwarz. You can reduce your risk of heart attack by addressing certain risk factors, which include:
But factors like genetics and family history are often out of your control. As long as you're leading a healthy lifestyle—eating a balanced diet, getting exercise, staying hydrated, sleeping well, and treating any health concerns—you can at least slightly reduce your risk.
How can I rule out a heart attack at home?"If you're worried about a heart attack, you should seek medical care and not try to rule it out on your own," says Dr. Suter. "This is a very serious medical condition that can have major consequences if not treated or if treatment is delayed."
That said, Dr. Suter does suggest being well-informed about symptoms of heart attack, and knowing the differences between heart attacks and panic attacks, heart palpitations, and even indigestion—which can present with similar symptoms. While anxiety typically resolves after taking deep breaths and implementing relaxation techniques, and indigestion resolves after taking an antacid, heart attack symptoms will just continue to get worse as time goes on.
Bottom line: If you're unsure of what's going on, call 911. It's better to be safe!
When should I go to the ER for chest pain?Chest pain can be caused from a number of different things. If your chest pain is new, severe, and lasts for several minutes, it's best to go to the ER, according to the Mayo Clinic. While there, a medical professional can check you out and determine the underlying cause. Even if you're not having a heart attack, you won't regret getting some peace of mind, or possible treatment for other health issues.
—reviewed by Jennifer Logan, MD, MPH
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Why The Entire Family Must Know The Signs Of Heart Attack
Don't wait to see if the symptoms go away – it's always better to be safe than sorry
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for both men and women in many countries around the world. A heart attack, which occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, is a major event associated with heart disease. Recognizing the signs of a heart attack and acting quickly can significantly improve the chances of survival and minimize damage to the heart muscle. This is why it's crucial for everyone in the family, regardless of age, to be familiar with the signs and symptoms of a heart attack.
Early action saves livesDuring a heart attack, time is crucial. The longer it takes to receive treatment, the greater the potential for heart damage. By recognizing the warning signs and calling emergency services immediately, you can significantly increase the chances of a successful recovery for yourself or a loved one. Even if the symptoms seem mild or atypical, it's always better to err on the side of caution and seek medical attention.
Heart attack symptoms don't always look like the moviesHollywood portrayals of heart attacks often depict a person clutching their chest and collapsing dramatically. While chest pain is a common symptom, it doesn't always manifest in the same way for everyone. Some people experience no chest pain at all. Here's a breakdown of some of the most common signs of a heart attack, recognizing these in yourself or someone around you can be lifesaving:
It's important to remember that not everyone will experience all of these symptoms, and the severity can vary greatly. Some people may only have one or two mild symptoms, while others may have several intense symptoms. If you or someone you know is experiencing any of these warning signs, don't hesitate to call emergency services immediately.
Risk factors for heart attackWhile a heart attack can strike anyone, certain factors can increase your risk. Understanding these risk factors can help you and your family take steps to prevent a heart attack:
There are many things you and your family can do to reduce the risk of heart attack:
Having open communication within your family about heart health is crucial. Here are some tips:
By being informed about the signs of a heart attack, understanding risk factors and taking steps towards a healthy lifestyle, you and your family can significantly reduce the risk of heart attack and promote overall cardiovascular health. Remember, early action is critical. If you or someone you know is experiencing any potential heart attack symptoms, call emergency services immediately. Don't wait to see if the symptoms go away – it's always better to be safe than sorry.
This story was created using AI technology.
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